what does it mean when glutathione s transerase is induced The Multifaceted Role of S-Transferases in Health and Disease Glutathione S-transferase - Wikipedia
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It is known that the ROS produced in the skin by UVR are the key contributors to oxidative damage to the skin [49]

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.068

Brief exposure of neuronal cells to levels of SCFAs observed in human systemic circulation impair lipid metabolism resulting in apoptosis
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Sulfenic acid chemistry, detection and cellular lifetime

In most cases, darkening is harmless
