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Abbreviations ETC: electron transport chain GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase Grx: glutaredoxin GSH/GSSG: reduced/oxidized glutathione GSNO: nitrosoglutathione GSNOR: Snitrosoglutathione reductase NFB: nuclear factor B NO: nitric oxide NOS: NO synthase Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 PDI: protein disulfide isomerase PKC: protein kinase C PrSH: protein thiol PrSSG: Sglutathionylated protein Prx: peroxiredoxin Srx: sulfiredoxin RNS: reactive nitrogen species ROS: reactive oxygen species Trx: thioredoxin TrxR: thioredoxin reductase References Sies, H., Belousov, V

Ketones can support brain energy metabolism and may help regulate glutamate and ammonia handling through glutamine synthase activity

Estrogen treatment after ovariectomy protects against fatty liver and may improve pathway-selective insulin resistance

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